| The Western Concept of God from Aquinas to Nietzsche |
[February 14, 2006 @ 8:50pm] |
Had to write a Definition Essay: ________________________________
The Western concept of God has many facets, and we have many ways of viewing the same, Christian, God. Kant believed in God for rational reasons, while Kierkegaard believed despite the fact that he found the whole thing irrational. Most of us believe God takes human form, while some think of God and the Universe as the same. Proving the existence of God is difficult, but even more so to prove his nature. Then you have the question of evil and the longing for Gods love in our every day life. Some people, like Marx, Freud and Nietzsche don’t believe in God, and I happen to agree with many of their points.
So the first question that comes to mind is, what are the qualities of this God? How would we explain him to our children? A poll in People magazine reported that 55% thought God looked human, in other words that he was anthropomorphic. This seems like a childish view to me. One would then have to ask questions like; does he have a penis? Can it ever be hard? Is God Jewish or Asian? How would this God smell? Like a spring morning or like a newborn child? On a more serious note, the Christian God has some specific qualities; He is all powerful, all knowing and all loving. Remember them, because we will have to challenge them in a little while.
I have tried to believe in the western concept of God for the better part of my life. As a child I learned to read so I could read the big black bible that was in my grandparent’s bookshelf. I studied and studied, and came to the conclusion that I was receiving the wrong kind of Christianity. So I started reading Catholicism for a couple of years. I’ve had a hard life, with little love, and this love from divine forces was something that appealed to me, but I never felt it. God had left me all alone in life, and I felt like something was wrong with me.
As I grew up I realized it wasn’t just me who suffered and cried for God. The problem of the Western concept of God is of course the problem of evil. Why is there so much suffering in the world? If God is all knowing, all loving and all powerful how could he let the Holocaust happen? And there isn’t just the problem of human evil, but of non-human evil like the recent earthquake in Pakistan and the tsunami of 2004. Those weren’t caused by human sin, but by the earth itself. How could a perfect creature create such an imperfect world?
So I started looking at the arguments for God. What I learned was that it is one thing to prove God’s existence, another to understand his nature. Let’s look at his existence first, shall we?
Saint Thomas Aquinas believed strongly in both the cosmological argument and the argument by design. The cosmological argument basically argues that everything in the universe has a cause before an effect. Therefore something had to be the first cause, namely God. I can’t help asking, what was the cause that created God?
The argument by design is very popular. If you’ve ever studied biology you know how nicely everything fits together in this place called earth. Everything is just so perfect that some people can’t believe that this all happened by accident. So there must be a creator, a designer, behind the universe. David Hume gave a reply that I will narrow down for you: if a designer had designed the universe, he did a mighty poor job of it, a work of some infant God floating about somewhere. Hume is here talking about the problem of evil. He said that no theology was better than a theology built on superstitions and limited knowledge.
Then you have the ontological argument by Saint Anselm. It is a bit more complicated, a so called a priori argument; that means something that is true in itself. His argument goes as follows:
1. We cannot conceive of God except as an infinite and most perfect being 2. A being who had all perfections except for the perfection of existence, would not be “most perfect” 3. Therefore, the most perfect being necessarily exists.
My philosophy professor swears that this logical argument is valid and sound; I somehow can’t grasp it… but then again, I can’t conceive of God in the first place. Perhaps this is one of those where you have to believe to see the truth of it.
After debating the existence of God one might start to question his nature. Is God transcendent (separate from the world he created,) or immanent (part of the world he created)? Baruch Spinoza is a philosopher I like a lot, and he thought God was totally immanent. Another word for his belief is pantheism, that God is everything in the universe.
There are philosophers who believed in God for rational reasons, and some for irrational reasons. Kant was a rationalist, and believed in God simply because there exists something like justice and love in the world. Kierkegaard had no reason for believing, but still had faith in God.
For me, the rational thing to do is to reject God. And here I have a few fellows to agree with, namely Marx, Freud and Nietzsche. Karl Marx says that man made religion and that man must suffer for it. He famously wrote, ‘Religion is opium for the people.’ Freud found the whole thing wish fulfillment and God a fake father figure, while Nietzsche killed God for us all. What is the logic behind Nietzsche’s statement? He believed that instead of God creating people, people created God, and so could kill him any time they wanted to.
You have heard my arguments, and seen the different opinions on the western concept of God. Now your question might be, what harm is there in believing? Well, do you believe in God because you love this creature, or because you are afraid of going to hell? Does God make your life full of joy or does he limit your freedom? To me, life on earth never was as beautiful as when I realized it wasn’t created by some higher being, but came about by chance. Life is a chance to enjoy yourself. Do it!
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